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Iron ore and then coal were the most valuable natural resources of Wales for almost 200 years. Iron ore deposits in the north-east and south-east were the basis of Wales' industrialization after the 1770s. From the early 19th century the rich deposits of the South Wales coalfield, and other coal deposits in the north-east, played a dominant role in the Welsh economy. However, since the 1940s falling demand for coal has combined with competition from cheaper imports to undermine the industry's markets and force the closure of many Welsh mines. Since the 1980s changes in government policy have accelerated the pit closures, and today there is only a handful of mines still in production. Some high-grade anthracite is mined, but output consists principally of bituminous coal. Quarrying has also been traditionally important. Slate, from north-western Wales, and limestone were the most important; a slate quarry at Blaenau Ffestiniog in Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire is still working. The rocks of north and mid-Wales also contain manganese, gold, lead, uranium, copper, and zinc; fireclays are also found. The soils of the Welsh uplands are of infertile rocky or leached types. The most fertile soils are in the south-east, along the coast, and in the valleys.